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تفاوت 30 میلیونی واژه ای بین بچه های ثروتمندان و تهیدستان تا سه سالگی

اشاره: این مقاله به زودی ترجمه شده و در اختیار مخاطبان قرار خواهد گرفت.

Quality of Words, Not Quantity, Is Crucial to Language Skills, Study Finds(1)

It has been nearly 20 years since a landmark education study found that by age 3, children from low-income families have heard 30 million fewer words than more affluent children, putting them at an educational disadvantage before they even began school. The findings led to increased calls for publicly funded prekindergarten programs and dozens of campaigns urging parents to get chatty with their children.

Now, a growing body of research is challenging the notion that merely exposing poor children to more language is enough to overcome the deficits they face. The quality of the communication between children and their parents and caregivers, the researchers say, is of much greater importance than the number of words a child hears.

A study presented on Thursday at a White House conference on “bridging the word gap” found that among 2-year-olds from low-income families, quality interactions involving words — the use of shared symbols (“Look, a dog!”); rituals (“Want a bottle after your bath?”); and conversational fluency (“Yes, that is a bus!”) — were a far better predictor of language skills at age 3 than any other factor, including the quantity of words a child heard.

“It’s not just about shoving words in,” said Kathryn Hirsh-Pasek, a professor of psychology at Temple University and lead author of the study. “It’s about having these fluid conversations around shared rituals and objects, like pretending to have morning coffee together or using the banana as a phone. That is the stuff from which language is made.”

In a related finding, published in April, researchers who observed 11- and 14-month-old children in their homes found that the prevalence of one-on-one interactions and frequent use of parentese — the slow, high-pitched voice commonly used for talking to babies — were reliable predictors of language ability at age 2. The total number of words had no correlation with future ability.

The idea that quality of communication matters when it comes to teaching children language is hardly new.

“Our field has been pretty consistent in recognizing all along that there has to be quality and quantity,” said Dr. Hirsh-Pasek. Even the 1995 study that introduced the notion of the 30-million-word gap, conducted by the University of Kansas psychologists Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley, found that parental tone, responsiveness and use of symbols affected a child’s I.Q. and vocabulary.

But this year’s studies are the first time researchers have compared the impact of word quantity with quality of communication. The findings, said Dr. Patricia K. Kuhl, a director of the Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences at the University of Washington and an author of the April study, suggest that advocates and educators should reconsider rallying cries like “close the word gap,” that may oversimplify the challenges facing poor children.

“I worry about these messages acting as though what parents ought to focus on is a word count, as though they need a Fitbit for words,” she said, referring to the wearable devices that tally steps.

The use of the word “gap” may be counterproductive, said Dr. Hirsh-Pasek. “When we talk about gaps, our natural tendency is to talk about filling them,” she said. “So we talk about the amount as if we’re putting words inside the empty head of a child.”

“But in the same way that you can’t drop the shingles and the siding for a house on the ground, you need to have the foundation there first if language isn’t going to just roll off the child’s back and become background noise.”

For the new study, Dr. Hirsh-Pasek and colleagues selected 60 low-income 3-year-olds with varying degrees of language proficiency from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, a long-term, wide-ranging study of 1,300 children from birth to age 15. Other researchers reviewed video of those children at age 2 in play sessions with their parents. The researchers watching the video were unaware of how the children would later develop.

“We were able to ask whether those interactions held any clues accounting for the differences we saw at age 3,” said Dr. Hirsh-Pasek, who was an author of the long-term study. “It turned out we were able to account for a whole lot of the variability later on.”

Quality of communication accounted for 27 percent of the variation in expressive language skills one year later, she said. The results were not significantly changed when the researchers controlled for the parents’ educational level.

But those who urge parents to talk to their children more say that increased quantity of language inevitably leads to better quality.

“It’s not that one mother is saying ‘dog’ and the other is saying ‘dog, dog, dog," ” said Anne Fernald, a developmental psychologist at Stanford. “When you learn to talk more, you tend to speak in more diverse ways and elaborate more, and that helps the child’s cognitive development.

Dr. Fernald, author of a 2013 study that found a vocabulary gap between affluent and poor children as young as 18 months, is a scientific adviser to Providence Talks, a program in Providence, R.I., that outfits children with devices that record the number of words they hear each day.

“People emphasize the quantity because that’s what you can measure,” she said. But she noted that the program also sent counselors into children’s homes to more closely evaluate their exposure to language and teach parents how best to communicate with children.

Still, Ann O’Leary, director of Too Small to Fail, a joint effort of the nonprofit Next Generation and the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation that focuses on closing the word gap, acknowledged that messages to parents could do more to emphasize quality.

“When we’re doing these campaigns to close the word gap, they do capture the imagination, they do get people understanding that we do need to do a lot more talking,” she said. “But we also need to be more mindful that part of what we need to do is model what that talking looks like.”

1) این مقاله در روزنامه نیویورک تایمز در مورخه 17 اکتبر 2014 منتشر شده است و به زودی ترجمه شده و در اختیار مخاطبان گرامی قرار خواهد گرفت.   


 نوشته شده توسط علی بیدار در چهارشنبه 93/7/30 و ساعت 12:34 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

Angelina Jolie, William Hague to open summit on rape in war

Co-hosts Angelina Jolie and British Foreign Secretary William Hague will on Tuesday open a four-day summit on ending sexual violence in conflict, the biggest meeting ever held on the subject.

Senior officials from over 100 countries, including US Secretary of State John Kerry, will join over 900 experts, NGOs, survivors and religious leaders at London"s Excel Centre.

Writing in London"s Evening Standard newspaper, Kerry said delegates would work to "relegate sexual violence to the annals of history".

"Sexual violence plagues every country," he wrote. "Acts of sexual violence demean our collective humanity.

"We will pool our expertise, diplomatic skills and resources toward the common goal of relegating sexual violence to the annals of history where it belongs."

The top US diplomat insisted that sexual violence in armed conflict be treated as a major international crime and that every government deny safe haven to those who "commit these vile acts."

"We must declare in unison: "They can"t run and they won"t hide here"," he added.

 

It was Jolie"s film "In the Land of Blood and Honey" which first alerted Hague to the extent of sexual violence in conflict zones, he has said.

The British cabinet minister and Hollywood A-Lister Jolie, a Special Envoy for the UN Commissioner for Refugees, have since visited the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Bosnia as part of their campaign to bring the issue to the world"s attention.

Jolie"s 2011 film, which marked her directorial debut, is a love story told against the backdrop of the Bosnian war two decades ago, when according to Hague some 50,000 women were raped.

Hague hopes the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, which runs until Friday, will create "so much momentum that we begin to shatter the culture of impunity."

"If women are still treated in this abhorrent way in times of war, they will never be treated as equals in times of peace, and that cannot be tolerated," he added.

Journalist Jineth Bedoya Lima, survivor of sexual violence in Colombia"s conflict, will be one of speakers.

"For the first time in history a world summit highlights and denounces a crime that is normally made invisible and is often silenced by the majority of states," she said.

The stated aims of the conference are to "shatter the culture of impunity" by launching a new International Protocol, to take practical steps to reduce the dangers women face in conflict zones, to increase support for survivors of sexual violence and to "debunk the myth that rape in war is somehow inevitable or a lesser crime."

Hague and Jolie will on Tuesday take part in meetings with youth delegates and on Wednesday are due to attend an event to launch the International Protocol.

On Thursday, Hague will host delegations from over 100 countries and will chair a ministerial meeting on security in northern Nigeria.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon (by video message) and US Secretary of State John Kerry will speak in a closing plenary session on Friday.

There will also be over 140 free events open to the public as part of the three-day Global Summit Fringe, which runs until Thursday.

The event will feature film, music, theatre and debate.


 نوشته شده توسط علی بیدار در چهارشنبه 93/3/21 و ساعت 12:9 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

مهران مدیری با شب های برره 2 به تلویزیون بر می گردد

پیمان قاسم‌خانی هرگونه همکاری مستقیم در ساخت سری جدید «شب‌های برره» را منتفی دانست.

 

 

این فیلمنامه‌نویس در پی انتشار اخباری مبنی بر همکاری دوباره‌اش با مهران مدیری در سری جدید سریال «شب‌های برره» در گفت‌وگویی کوتاه با خبرنگار خبرگزاری دانشجویان ایران(ایسنا)، بیان کرد: در حال حاضر مشغول نوشتن فیلمنامه سینمایی «پژمان» هستم و بعد از آن هم یک فیلمنامه سینمایی دیگر دارم، به همین دلیل با وجود علاقه‌ای که به این همکاری مجدد دارم، اما زمانی برای همکاری و فعالیت در این پروژه ندارم.

 

قاسم‌خانی با آرزوی موفقیت برای همکاران خود در این سریال گفت: البته صحبت‌هایی را با دوستانم داشته‌ام و قرار بر این است که اگر نیازی به مشورت یا تبادل نظر وجود داشت‌، در حد یکی دو جلسه با آن‌ها گفت‌وگو کنم، اما اینکه همکاری مستقیم و دائمی در این پروژه داشته باشم را کاملا رد می‌کنم.


 نوشته شده توسط علی بیدار در پنج شنبه 93/1/28 و ساعت 11:33 صبح | نظرات دیگران()

Muslims’ Halalywood Enters Film Industry 

Catering to Muslim needs, the first ever Shari`ah compliant film industry would kick off in America later this year, offering Muslims a halal entertainment that reflects their true image.

“There are 1 billion Muslims around the world and there is nobody catering for us and our stories," Omar Regan, a Muslim American actor and comedian, said in a video encouraging people to donate to his Kickstarter project, Aquila Style reported earlier this month.

"So I left Hollywood and I’m going Halalywood!” he added.

Halalywood, the first halal-certified film industry for Muslims, has been created by Regan who has appeared in films such as Rush Hour 2.

According to the Muslim comedian, the halal film industry aims to defy the stereotyped image of Muslims portrayed in the western and the American media.

“Here is our mission: we are going to provide halal entertainment, that’s entertainment we [Muslims] can relate to," Regan stated.

"Secondly, we want to re-educate the masses about Muslims and Islam.

"Thirdly, it will provide a platform for young Muslim writers, actors and directors, where they can go and get their stories made and they won’t be turned away."

Halalywoood would produce its first film later this year under the title "American Shari`ah".

The comedy/action film, American Shari`ah, depicts the prejudice of US officials who misuse the term of "Islamophopia" to gain more power.

This is not the first time for Muslim to launch their private entertainment media.

The huge success of Islamic songs among youth in the west started when Awakening, which has its UK head office in Swansea, signed its first artist, Sami Yusuf, in 2003.

Providing Muslims an opportunity to listen to halal, "clean", music, Awakening had a profound impact on many young Muslims, particularly in the west.

Yusuf, a British Muslim singer of Azerbaijani origin, was described by Time magazine as "Islam"s biggest rock star" after the success of his first two albums Al-Mu"allim (The Teacher, a reference to the prophet Muhammad) and My Ummah (My Muslim Community).

In 2008, the star of Maher Zain, possibly the biggest name in the Islamic music industry currently, was rising.

His first album, Thank You Allah, catapulted him to celebrity status in the Islamic world, and he has just released his second album, Forgive Me.

The United States is home to a Muslim minority of between six to eight million.

A recent survey found that American Muslims are the most moderate around the world.

It also showed that US Muslims generally express strong commitment to their faith and tend not to see an inherent conflict between being devout and living in a modern society.

 

source: www.onislam.net


 نوشته شده توسط علی بیدار در پنج شنبه 93/1/21 و ساعت 1:18 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

تأسیس "حلالیوود" توسط بازیگران مسلمان امریکا در هالیوود

عده‌ای از بازیگران مسلمان آمریکا و در رأس آنها «عمر ریگان»، بازیگر مسلمان هالیوود با تأسیس سینمای «حلالیوود» به مقابله با صنعت سینمای هالیوود می‌پردازند.

در حالی‌که شاهد فعالیت گسترده سینماهای «هالیوود» (آمریکا)، بالیوود (هند)، کالیوود (پاکستان)، نالیوود (نیجریه) در سراسر دنیا هستیم،عده‌ای از بازیگران مسلمان هالیوود و در رأس آنها، «عمر ریگان»، کمدین مسلمان هالیوود، اقدام به تأسیس یک صنعت سینمایی جدید مختص مسلمانان و فیلم‌های اسلامی تحت عنوان «حلالیوود» خواهند کرد.

 

بنابر این گزارش این صنعت سینمایی از اواخر سال میلادی جاری، با هدف تحت پوشش قرار دادن زیر مجموعه‌ سرگرمی‌های اسلامی، ارائه چهره‌ای حقیقی از اسلام  و با ساخت یک فیلم اکشن کمدی تحت عنوان «شریعت آمریکایی»، آغاز به کار خواهد کرد.

 

این فیلم داستان سیاستمداران آمریکایی است که با دامن زدن به مسئله اسلام ستیزی در آمریکا تلاش می‌کنند نه تنها در رأس قدرت باقی بمانند بلکه بر قدرت خود بیفزایند.

 

«عمر ریگان»، همبازی «جکی چان» در فیلم پرفروش «ساعت شلوغی 2» در یک فیلم ویدئویی ضمن انتشار این خبر از مردم خواست تا برای تأسیس این صنعت سینمایی از هرگونه کمک مادی و معنوی دریغ نکنند.

 

«ریگان» گفت: در سراسر جهان، یک میلیارد مسلمان وجود دارد ولی هیچ کس و هیچ جایی برای روایت و تصویر ما و داستانهایمان وجود ندارد. 

 

وی افزود: بنا بر این من هالیوود را ترک کرده‌ام و از هم‌اکنون به حلالیوود می‌پیوندم و تمام تلاش خود را برای مقابله با تصویر کلیشه‌ای و نادرستی که در رسانه‌های آمریکایی و غربی وجود دارد، به کار خواهم گرفت.

 

«ریگان» در ادامه متذکر شد: این ماموریت و هدف اصلی ماست: ما یک صنعت سرگرمی حلال راه‌اندازی خواهیم کرد، یک صنعت سرگرمی که ما (مسلمانان) بتوانیم به آن اعتماد کنیم. همچنین ما می‌خواهیم از این طریق مردم جهان را نسبت به اسلام و مسلمانان آگاه کنیم و حقیقت را در این‌باره بگوییم. هدف دیگر ما نیز ایجاد بستری مناسب برای نویسندگان، بازیگران و کارگردانان مسلمان است، جایی که آنها بتوانند از طریق آن داستانشان را تبدیل به فیلم کنند، بدون آنکه در این میان حقایق تحریف شود.

منبع:فارس

 

Halalywood: The Rise of the Islamic Entertainment Industry


American actor and comedian Omar Regan, who has appeared in films such as Rush Hour 2, has set out to create a halal-certified film industry for Muslims.

We’ve all heard of Hollywood and Bollywood. Some of you may have even heard of Lollywood (the Pakistani version) and Nollywood (the Nigerian version). But what about Halalywood? No? Well, as of 2014, you probably will. American actor and comedian Omar Regan, who has appeared in films such as Rush Hour 2, has set out to create a halal-certified film industry for Muslims.

“There are 1 billion Muslims around the world and there is nobody catering for us and our stories. So I left Hollywood and I’m going Halalywood!” Regan says in a video encouraging people to donate to his Project.

“Here is our mission: we are going to provide halal entertainment, that’s entertainment we [Muslims] can relate to. Secondly, we want to re-educate the masses about Muslims and Islam. Thirdly, it will provide a platform for young Muslim writers, actors and directors, where they can go and get their stories made and they won’t be turned away,” he says.

Regan is set to release his first movie American Sharia, a comedy/action film about rogue government officials using Islamophobia to maintain power, later this year. However, the up and coming Islamic Film Industry is just one of the many new and emerging scenes being created.

Reacting to the world they see around them, a new generation of young, modern Muslims are carving out new ways to entertain themselves – yet remain loyal to their faith. This new generation is showing that Islam and entertainment can go hand in hand. Along the way, they are shattering stereotypes about what it means to be Muslim in today’s world.

source: http://www.abna.ir/english/service/america/archive/2014/04/08/601360/story.html


 نوشته شده توسط علی بیدار در پنج شنبه 93/1/21 و ساعت 10:47 صبح | نظرات دیگران()
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